In the conditions of information overload, which today’s Ukrainian society is experiencing, critical thinking should become an integral part of our everyday life. The continuous flow of news, social media and propaganda has become a real challenge for many, and the insufficient development of critical thinking of Ukrainians can lead to serious consequences. The question is not only in the ability to recognize fakes, but also in the ability to effectively analyze incoming information.
The presence of two or three higher educations is not always a guarantee of a person’s intelligence or critical thinking, nor does it reflect the quality of his thinking. Education is certainly important, but it is not the only factor that determines a person’s depth of understanding or analytical skills. Knowledge acquired through academic programs may not always develop the ability to critically evaluate information or question existing views. Intelligence and critical thinking require constant practice, self-reflection, and the ability to analyze information in different contexts. It is important not only to accumulate knowledge, but also to be able to use it effectively, ask the right questions and check the facts in order to form deep and well-founded views of the world.
Formation of critical thinking in Ukraine
The history of Ukraine is an endless cycle of challenges and changes, where each era contributed to the formation of the ability to analyze and think independently. The beginning of this process can be attributed to the times of Kyivan Rus, when the first chroniclers, in the conditions of frequent political and cultural changes, learned to pay close attention to the events and deeds that surrounded them. Chronicles of that time did not just record events, but also tried to understand their essence and reasons, to convey them to the people.
However, the real turning point in the formation of critical thinking in Ukraine occurred during the period of national revival in the 19th century. The first wave of intellectual freedom brought with it a critical approach to history, culture, and politics. Ukrainian thinkers of that time, like their contemporaries in other parts of Europe, began to question traditional views and try to build new concepts based on rational analysis. The 20th century brought new challenges – during the Soviet era, critical thinking came under strict control. However, even in the conditions of repression, Ukrainian intellectuals did not remain indifferent. The ability to think critically, often in secret from the authorities, became a symbol of defiance and hope for a better future.
It should be emphasized that in Ukraine, as in many other countries, the historical context and socio-economic conditions significantly influenced the level of education and the ability to think critically among the population. For much of history, most Ukrainians were illiterate or had very limited knowledge. This, in turn, determined their inability to independently and critically analyze reality. In pre-industrial times, when education was the privilege of the few, knowledge and a critical approach to it remained in the hands of the elite. This small group of educated people usually included scholars, priests, and members of the aristocracy who had access to books and could afford to develop their intellectual abilities. They could ask questions and seek new answers, but their views often remained invisible to the masses, who were focused on daily concerns and had no access to quality education.
The peasantry, which made up the main part of the population, was often limited in its perception of the world and depended on traditional ideas and social norms. His education was extremely limited, and opportunities for independent study were practically absent. As a result, most people have not been able to develop critical thinking or question established views and practices. However, even in the conditions of such restrictions, individual educated persons could exert a significant influence on the development of society. They became bearers of new ideas and concepts that could later influence the wider population through literature, education or political activity. However, history shows that critical thinking can certainly be the result of long-term efforts to improve education and access to knowledge. And although the majority of the population in the historical period did not have the opportunity to actively participate in the formation of new ideas, their potential was and remains important for the general development of a critical approach in society.
Critical thinking in Ukraine today
The restoration of independence in 1991 became a new turn in the development of critical thinking in Ukraine. Free media, independent scientific institutes and active citizenship have created an environment where analysis and debate have become an integral part of public life. Today, critical thinking in Ukraine has become an extremely important aspect of social development. In a rapidly changing world of information flows and multiple challenges, the ability to analyze and evaluate information from various sources is key to informed citizenship and a healthy society. However, reality shows that not all Ukrainians actively develop this important skill.
Most modern Ukrainians, unfortunately, face the problem of insufficient information hygiene. Many people choose to consume small bits of information from the news and social media without delving into the details or checking the sources. This approach does not promote the development of critical thinking and, as a result, can lead to the formation of simplified or even false ideas about the world.
While nonfiction books, articles, research studies, and educational resources offer in-depth and detailed analysis, the general public often opts for simplistic news and sensationalist headlines. Many people do not consider it necessary to read voluminous material that requires more time and effort to understand. On the other hand, simple and quick news or videos presented in the format of short messages or posts are convenient for consumption, but do not contribute to the formation of a comprehensive understanding of events and phenomena.
A lack of habit of conducting cause-and-effect relationships and detailed analysis also plays a role. The lack of deep understanding can lead to a simplified perception of complex problems and often to manipulation by the media or political actors. Without the ability to analyze and understand the causes and consequences of events, it is difficult to form reasonable conclusions and take an active part in public life.
The influence of media and social networks on critical thinking
Media and social networks have become the main sources of information for modern Ukrainians, but this quick access to news and content has its dark side. Despite all the advantages they offer, there are a number of negative aspects that seriously affect the critical thinking of Ukrainians. Social networks and news platforms often present information in a simplified and superficial format. Short posts, sensational headlines, and quick-to-watch videos don’t allow you to go into detail or consider different aspects of a topic. This leads to a simplified perception of complex problems and complicates the formation of well-founded conclusions.
The rapid flow of information constantly coming from media sources and social networks can lead to information overload. When people are faced with overwhelming amounts of data, it can hamper their ability to process and analyze information, which in turn hinders the formation of critical thinking.
In addition, social media has become an ideal medium for the spread of misinformation and fake news. Because content can quickly go viral and be shared without verification, it promotes the spread of inaccurate or manipulative information. People without critical analysis skills can easily be swayed by such information. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous fakes about vaccines were spread in Ukraine. According to a study by the Center for Investigative Journalism, about 45% of Ukrainians received false information about vaccines through social media. This highlights the importance of media education and critical thinking skills to recognize and prevent misinformation.
Also, social networks use algorithms that promote content that causes strong emotions in people. This can include both positive and negative news, which increases the effect of emotional manipulation. Such practices can harm the objective perception of information and distort reality.
At the same time, social networks often form echo chambers where people receive information that confirms their pre-existing views and prejudices. This limits access to alternative points of view and prevents objective analysis of information. Users can fall into a vicious circle of one-sided perception that does not encourage critical thinking.
Many media platforms work according to the principle of commercial success, where the number of views and interactions is not the most important thing, but the quality of the information. This can lead to sensationalism and manipulation when content is created to attract attention rather than inform. Such approaches often simplify the presentation of material and exclude critical analysis.
Political manipulation and censorship also significantly affect critical thinking. Authorities and political forces can use media resources to promote their own ideologies, limiting access to alternative points of view. A ban on the publication of critical or alternative opinions, which are perceived as dissenting, can harm public discussion and reinforce a one-sided view of events. This creates a monopoly on information, where critical analysis becomes more difficult and diversity of opinion is limited.
In the conditions of numerous manipulations and fake news, the general trust in media sources of information is decreasing more and more. People, not having clear criteria for evaluating the credibility of sources, are often skeptical of them and less inclined to trust even reliable sources, which makes it difficult to form informed opinions.
How to develop critical thinking
In the presence of huge information noise and manipulation, critical thinking becomes not just a useful skill, but vital for every Ukrainian. To pave the way to informed decisions and understanding of complex processes, people should implement several key strategies.
First, you should develop the habit of systematic study. Reading books, analytical articles and participating in discussions broadens horizons and allows a better understanding of the contexts of events. Do not be afraid to ask questions and look for answers outside the usual sources of information.
Second, it is important to learn to distinguish fact from opinion and to be critical of the information you receive. Check sources, understand who may be presenting information in a certain light and why, and learn to recognize manipulation.
Third, actively use media literacy skills. Develop the ability to analyze media content, do not trust without verification and be able to critically evaluate the impact of the media context on your perception of reality.
And most importantly, critical thinking is not a final goal, but a process that helps to better navigate the world, make more informed decisions and participate in the formation of a healthy society. Invest in yourself through education and self-development, and you will receive a tool that will open up new perspectives for you and allow you to actively influence positive changes.
People with critical thinking will never be a mindless crowd, they are the ones who can build a successful society. They know how to analyze the situation, question the status quo and find new solutions to old problems. These people have the ability to choose leaders who are truly in the best interest of society, rather than blindly following popular or manipulative promises. They understand how important it is to check facts and analyze political programs in order to make informed choices in elections.
Critical citizens are also able to create and support institutions that function transparently and efficiently. They do not take information on faith, but actively participate in public dialogue, helping to preserve democratic processes and fight corruption. Therefore, the development of critical thinking is the key to the formation of an active and progressive society, where decisions are made based on analysis, not emotions or manipulation.
Oksana Ishchenko
